Are Bio fuels A Preferable Choice

Bio fuels are renewable energy resources that are formed by converting organic matter from crops, animals and plants to combustible fuel. They are an alternate source of energy to the currently used fossil fuels. There is a great buzz around of using these fuels instead of the other fossil fuels like petrol, diesel as they are more environment friendly and will also decrease our dependence on the fossil fuel .Bio fuels like ethanol and bio diesel are suggested to be used as they emit less carbon dioxide and will contribute less to the recent global climate change. Because of Recent global price hikes and advance ways of extraction of these fuels much attention has been given to this industry in the past few years In true sense its harms to the mankind are more than its benefits. This research paper discusses how the massive use of the bio fuel industry has created serious concerns regarding greenhouse effect, deforestation, food supply chain, impact on poor’s and water cycle. It should be stopped before its costs to the humanity are irrecoverable and a large colossal damage is done.“read more”

                                                  The chief reason of promoting Bio fuels is the misconception that they will reduce the climate change by emitting less Carbon dioxide and other gases causing greenhouse effect.  In fact they are not as environmental friendly as their promoters claims to be. The articles published by the University of Michigan shows that the net energy taken from bio fuels is either negative or slightly positive. (Barbara)It means that it takes more energy to produce them, and then they provide, resulting in more Carbon dioxide into the environment. Though the reduction in crops can be tackled by producing them again but still the production of these crops is energy intensive involves processes which in turn cost to the environment specially the use of machinery and transport. If the combined energy cost of corn production, use of machinery in the farms, extracting corn into ethanol, energy cost of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides and the energy cost of environmental restoration is taken into account then it proves that the use of bio fuels is much harmful for the environment.(Debatecoaches)

                                               Using Bio fuels as a source has a lot of limitations. Nowadays America is using its 18% of maize crop to convert into bio fuels. But this has helped to replace only 3% of fossil fuels reduction. Even if all of the maize crops produced in United States is used to extract bio fuels it will only generate bio fuel able to hardly replace only eighteen percent of United States Fossil Fuel consumption.(Barbara) But then there will be no food available to available for the common man and other live stock. Researches studies have shown that it will take land almost half as America to produce bio fuel able to replace 10% of gasoline. Along with United States a lot of other countries that rely on United States Maize crops will have to face starvation.

                                                 Research studies have shown that Use of bio fuels in place of gasoline will significantly increase global warming. The research study by the Royal Society of Chemistry revealed that combustion of Bio fuels emit  greenhouse gases whose some components are extremely dangerous to the environment than fossil fuels. These greenhouse gases cause a large scale depletion of ozone layer and high acidification of the environment. (Zoe)Kein Smith a research Professor at the University of Chicago said that using bio fuels in place of fossil fuels has in reality no benefit and is in fact making the climate worse. Princeton scholar Tim Searchinger has modeled this impact and reports in Science magazine that the net impact of the food-to-fuel push will be an increase in global carbon emissions – and thus a catalyst for climate change.(Alex)

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                                              About two third of the global water is used by agriculture and that is why in many areas the water level is decreasing. Corn ethanol absorbs large quantities of water. It requires 1700 gallons of fresh water in the production and distillation of ethanol.(Barbara)  With the increase in demand of biofuels more water will be needed causing a shortage of fresh water. Moreover each gallon of ethanol also releases ten gallons of polluted water which has a huge monetary and environmental costs associated. The crop uses more pesticides than any other crops and also large amounts of urea. These chemicals are absorbed by the land hence resulting in more pollution of the water. This polluted water is mainly disposed to the rivers and eventually falls into seas where they also endanger the marine life.(Free Republic)

                                                         The advocates of Bio fuels say that use of bio fuels will substantially improve the economic condition of farmers in agriculture intensive developing nation e.g. Pakistan and India. The farmers will able to enjoy high prices for their crops because of their increased demand. But in fact the concept is incorrectly based on an economic principle. The high prices of fossil fuel have made it lucrative for potential investors which will in turn reduce the prices in the long run. Moreover countries like Russia are exploring their own gasoline resources which were not possible earlier. These steps will reduce the price of fossil fuels in the near future making bio fuels a less economic choice.(Moberg)

                              Bio fuels are in no way relatively cheaper than their alternatives Fossil fuels when their energy content is taken into account. Research analysis shows that ethanol has a net energy of 2 to 1 or even below. Most of the researches argue that it has negative net value. Even    if we take the high ratio 2 to 1 it’s far below than that of fossil fuels which has a net energy ratio of 20 to 1. If the entire US vehicles are run by ethanol then they have to invest 20 times more in energy. (Jenkins)The cost of Biofuels is not as low when compared to the net energy value of Fossil fuels. So replacing Fossil fuels with Biofuels will be a very unsuitable choice and will have some very harsh effects on the economy of a country.

                                                                   Another big threat in switching to the bio fuels is of that to the global food supply chain. Switching to bio fuels will take a large chunk of the agricultural area that was earlier used for food production. Even many countries are producing food surplus to their needs but the increased demand for bio fuels will decrease the supply of food for human consumption. Some of the countries that are the exporters of food will turn to be the importers of food. Even small scale consumption of biodiesel will take almost all of the cropland in some of the European countries. This shortage of supply result in price hikes causing problems for the poor of developing as well as developed nation. The survey by the Nation Science forum has revealed the one of the prime reason of food crisis as the diversion of some 5% cereals to agro fuels. World Bank has also said that 75% of increase in food prices is because of the production of bio fuels.(Bailey)

                           Increased production of Bio fuels has resulted in deforestation. To meet the huge energy demands huge areas are deforested to make the land available for growing maize, sugarcane and palm seeds. Agro fuels are a major cause of deforestation. The threat is more severe in developing countries where the motive for deforesting is greater eg Indonesia, Brazil, Malaysia. According to a UN report 98% of Indonesia will be deforested by 2022. (Scientific Blogging). Amazon forests in Brazil are deforested illegally despite the severe attempts of the government to protect them. This rapid deforestation has posed a threat to the biodiversity and wildlife. Orrington is near extinction in Indonesia so are other thousand of species specially, gibbons, tapirs, proboscis monkeys, tigers. (Barbara)

                                                    The effect of deforestation is not limited since the industrial plantation has its own costs associated. Since these crops are produced year after year from the same land they affect the water cycle of the land too. These non native species of plants consume high volumes of water hence negatively affecting the water cycle. Large quantities of pesticides and insecticides are used to stop the growth of other plants that affects the growth of crop, further affecting the water cycle. Even then the idea of using bio fuels is getting popular causing some of the most biological diverse habitats to come to end.

                              The most severe effects of Bio fuels will be on the poor people of the earth. According to World Bank half of the earth population is living below the poverty line, earning less than 2 dollars a day. More than 1 billion people do not eat the minimum calories needed for a man to be health. Economist study has shown that when the price of staple food increases by 1 percent its consumption decreases by half percent. The poor people are spending almost 65 to 85 percent of their household incomes on food. Everyday 1800 people are dying from starvation and malnutrition related issues and any large increase will enormously increase the number of people dying from starvation and malnutrition related diseases. This will be the outcome of using basic food commodities to produce agro fuels.(Tait, Banji)

                                                       One of the major advocates of Bio fuels is United States of America. The dependence of United States its allies on the gasoline is a major concern as most of it is produced by the Gulf Countries most of which are unreliable, undemocratic Governments and none of them can be considered as a source of oil for a long term. Most of the countries not only depends on the oil resources of other countries but are also large importers of food too. In no way America energy demands can be fulfilled by bio fuels. If America tried to produce bio fuels from its food resources it will become dependent on the food of other countries as well.

                                       Biodiesel has a lot of concerns when used in place of petroleum diesel. It’s has excellent solvent properties and readily dissolves any deposits in the delivery systems and filters that may cause the filters to be replaced. Petroleum diesel makes deposits and since biodiesel solves those deposits they can easily impede the motion in the filters. Its solvent properties also cause a lot of concerns and other fuel system problems in older engines. It has also some harmful effects on the durability of the engine too.

                                                             Man is using its energy resources at an appalling pace and damaging the environment. No doubt that biodiesel is an alternative to fossil fuels but considering its effects on mankind it’s not a solution to the problem. Its environmental issues are far more than that of fossil fuels. Its concerns regarding deforestation, water cycle and global warming makes them an unsuitable choice to replace the fossil fuels. Moreover biofuels can never be a large scale supplier of energy because of their production limitation, and will also cause food crisis throughout the globe especially for the countries involved in its production. Owing to all the reason it’s very clear that we should stop supporting biofuels as they are in no way a possible economic choice for us.

Slumdog Millionaire - Critique

Slumdog Millionaire is a tale of sufferings, deprivation, motivation, hope and destiny. It brings into spotlight the horrible realities of the lower social class in India, living the life below human level. It focuses the role of black powers, corruption, profit, greed, police and sectarian riots in shaping the destinies of those millions of poverty stricken people. Based on a novel from an Indian writer Vikaas Swarup and directed by Danny Boyle the movie is one of the most acclaimed and controversial of the year 2009, particularly for its public message.

                                     ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ is the story of young Jamal K Malik from the slums of Mumbai who is one question away from earning twenty million rupees on the Biggest Indian game show “ Who wants to be the millionaire”. He is arrested under the charges of cheating on the show. As the interrogator asks him about how he answered every question, Jamal tells a story of his life, his brother Saleem and Latika the girl he loved and lost. He tells about their dangerous adventures, encounters with the local gangs and how each question is related to one of his past experiences.

                        The way dwellers of slums are presented seems like a mockery of the human flesh. The movie presents a corrupt, dirty, inhumanly, demoralizing, unsophisticated and unhygienic view of slums residents that aroused the anger of many in India. The comics are offensive and seem like mocking the helplessness of the slums residents. Poverty has been shown in many Indian films but the way it was presented here was deplorable. One can find in slums many poor people coming out of their homes who are model of cleanliness, decency, self respect and dignity going to work as  cooks, servants, guards, drivers, nurses, dog walkers and vegetable vendors. The stealing of shoes and deceiving the Visitors by telling lies to them as guides defames the innocent, simple children of the slums. The entire film, direction and the script is full of scenes which managed to show India in low esteem of foreigners as a work of fiction, fantasy and imagination.  The image of the slums has been manipulated to suit western audience.

                             The element of violence has been shown to a very unsuitable extent. The violence shown is unlike other Bollywood and Hollywood movies and is shown to bring in an emotional appeal to the audience. The movie shows a man damaging the eyes of children to make them efficient beggars. Salim the brother of Jamal kills a man in his childhood. The Hindu Muslims riots, rape of a girl and the brutal ways of interrogation when they give electricity shocks to Jamal are scenes that leaves a strong negative impact on the audience and makes it unsuitable watch for the children.

              The name “Slumdog” is in itself a controversial name, forcing one to think that, is it justified to compare the lower social and economical class of our society with something far below then human level, a Dog. (Seabrook 34) Why the movie was not named as ‘slum boy?’Is it not an offense calling a poor young innocent child a dog who is the future of India?

                             Jamal get selected for ‘Who wants to be the Millionaire’ and ends up winning the most just because he was destined for this.  It’s not the story of an ordinary man who works hard with honor, struggle, and on the basis of merit achieve success in his life, and not by winning twenty million in a game show just because of sheer luck. The message takes the away the importance of hard work and contributing to the society and is misleading for the youth. It’s not the luck but the man who is the architect of his own fate. 

                                      The movie lacked logic and was unable to answer a lot of technical questions.  How the children born and raised in slums started speaking in English as they never read, why did his brother died in a tub full of money rather than escaping, and also what happened to all the questions in between fifteen thousand to ten million. How a blind beggar boy would know the photo of Benjamin Franklin on a US hundred dollar bill. Moreover the pattern of questions was same as the chronological order of his life. Also the reality shows like this are never live. The way Prem Kapoor ( Show Host) along with the contestant got up and went to the bathroom and told him the answers seems far away than reality.  

    The heart of the movie is the love story between Latika and Saleem. Latika went from his life when she failed to catch a moving train while running from a man who uses them for begging.  Love was driving force behind Saleem struggle for survival, search for Latika, and bringing him to the quiz show. For Jamal 20 million was not the achievement, It was his Latika. The love story brought a traditional Bollywood touch in the film.

                         The movie was the first one focusing on slums and its inhabitants. It centre stage the most neglected area of the society and draws the attention of Government and NGOs to take steps in order to ensure a better life of slums’ inhabitants. The movie is unlike other Bollywood movies and comes up with a message to the develop countries and the elite class of our society who live a luxurious life that there is someone in another part of the world, who deserves their attention, affection and help. It brings into notice the miserable life of slums people and appeals to its audience for taking pragmatic steps in alleviating their sufferings.

                             The good thing about the movie is it depicts the message that Knowledge cannot be only obtained through expensive books and elite institutions but also through the sufferings, observations and experience of one’s daily life. As Jamal K Malik succeeds in earning one million dollars in the game show, by answering questions on the basis of his own observations and experience. He succeeds to win all by answering all of the questions which even many of the doctors, lawyers, social scientists fail to answer. 

                              ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ successfully addresses many social problems of the lower class in India. It unmasks the dirty police culture and the inhuman torture they use against the helpless poor’s.  it tells how each child that we see on the bus stops, railway stations, traffic signals has a dark story attached to him and how internal riots, lack of education and poverty turn millions of innocent children to slum dogs.

The movie does well in most of the departments of film making. Cinematography, editing, acting, and music were all up to the mark and were masterfully blended.  The plot of the movie goes in a unified direction. The variegated screenplay and the imaginative direction bring energy to the flashbacks. The music of the film was a great success for which the music Director received two Oscar awards. The movie received nine Oscar awards including best director and best film, eleven BAFTA film awards, six British Independent Film Award another hundred wins and fifty one nominations. The movie got a user rating of 8.4 from the IMDB site (Internet Movie Database), which is the unofficial but the most reliable source of user ratings.

Jirga - The Pashtun Judicial System

Jirga system in Pashtuns represents a formal traditional institution of Justice, which is practiced in the Pashtuns society from the time immemorial. According to the Pashto Descriptive Dictionary  Jirga is an original Pashto word, which in its common usage refers to the gathering of a few, or a large number of people. (Attaye 56) It also means consultation according to this source. The roots of Jirga systems have been traced back to the Athenian democracy while some scholars argue that thePashtuns are practicing Jirga even before the Athenian times.

The proceedings of Jirga are carried out in a Mosque, Hujra “Guest House” or under the shade of a huge tree. There is no governing officer neither hierarchal position in a Jirga. the Jirga system is conducted in two ways. In case of family or individual disputes the concerned parties themselves appeal to Jirgawhile the Jirga assembles on its own and take Suo Moto action in case of any serious threat to the tribe or under grave social problems. In the latter case the Jirga is organized by volunteers called “Khadims” who perform the role of messengers announcing the date, timings and venue in all the villages of the tribe and also provide necessary arrangements for conducting Jirga. Jirga members usually gather in form of a huge circle resembling round table conference giving the message that no one is superior in the eyes of Pashtunwali   “ legal code of Pashtuns”

There is no systemized mechanism or basic criteria for the selection of Jirga Judiciary Council. Mostly noble elders of the tribe called “Speen Girey” (White beard men) are chosen for this purpose who have known repute for their honesty, wisdom and a firm understanding and knowledge of Pashtunwali and Sharia. However in case of grand Jirga the leaders of different clans are the members of Jirga Judiciary Council. The number of council members is not fixed and varies with the importance, sensitivity and type of dispute but mostly comprises from two to ten members. Any member of the Jirga council who do not practice Pashtunwali in his daily life is usually excluded from the Jirga Council.

The operation of Jirga is carried out in a democratic way. Both the parties are given time to present their case and there is no discrimination made on any basis. The Jirga operation in minor cases is carried out for a day or two while in major cases it may take as long as nine to ten days. During the functioning of Jirgamaximum participation from both the parties and the members of judicial council is highly encouraged. This aids in understanding the nature of problem more effectively and providing possibilities for negotiations between the two parties. The crowd is not allowed to participate or interfere in the proceedings of Jirga. Decency, smoothness of the trial, and decorum of the Jirga is highly ensured during the whole process.

 After hearing both the parties and in the light of witnesses the Jirga officially announces its decision. The decisions in based on Sharia, Pashtunwali, local traditions and fair play. Every possible effort is made to reach a fair and pragmatic solution to the problem. Wealth, Social status and political power of any party do not influence the decision of Jirga in any case. In case of very sensitive matters like murder, abduction etc a Quranic oath is taken which is necessary to prove one’s innocence, as religion is the highest authority in Pashtun society. The decision is based on the consensus of majority members of the Jirga council. The Jirgamembers ask the related parties before it announces its verdict to the public. The decision of Jirga becomes an obligation and both the parties have to respect theJirga decision.

The Jirga system does not take the right from either party of appealing against the decision of Jirga council. The unsatisfied party can appeal on the basis of precedents and rules called “Narkh” and have the right to reject the decision of Jirga Council. The Jirga council may face difficulty in revising its decision in case when different tribes have different Narkhs on the same issue. In that case the appealing party can call for an another  Jirga gathering the decision of which is considered final. (Shinwari 110)

The Pushtoon Jirga exclusively enjoys the role of Judiciary, Executive and Legislature. In case if any party fails to respect the decision of Jirga called “Makh Arawal” meaning “turning of face”, than the Jirga council has the right to impose its judgment by any means. Sanctions are imposed on the rebellious party which may range from imposition of heavy fines, confiscation of weapons and ex-communication with non complying party depending upon the seriousness of matter. If still the party refuses to follow the decision of Jirga than the Jirga has the right to burn down the house of non-complying party by sending Lashkar ‘The tribal Army”. Also in disobeying the decision of Jirga, the dissident party may lose the protection right ensured by the Jirga and may be killed by his opponents.

In absence of Government Judicial system in tribal areas, Jirga system provides Pashtun with an effective way of attaining cheap and speedy Justice. Moreover it enriches the very basic foundations of Pashtun culture and tradition by ensuring the maintenance of peace and justice in Pashtun society. It provides protection to the poor and weak from being oppressed by the rich and strong. Even when many progressed societies still lack an affective judicial system, thePashtun Jirga system has been quite successful in dispensing justice. It adheres to the principles of equality and fairness for all, an accomplishment many judicial systems are still struggling to achieve.

Works Cited

Pakistan Assessment 2010." South Asia Terrorism Portal. Web. 16 Apr. 2010. <http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/>

Ahmad, Javed. "Unwan”.Weekly Amoor Jan 2009:34-35.print

Yasir, Naveed. "Waziristan”.Akhbar e Jahan March 2009:38-39:print

Ahmad, Javed. "Unwan”.Weekly Amoor Jan 2009:34-35.print

Use Of Force In Waziristan: A Destructive Approach

Anybody who is aware of the current situation of the country will be well aware of what has been going in Waziristan nowadays. The Pakistan army is busy in a military operation against extremist groups in South Waziristan. Five years have passed but still we see that one of the most sophisticated and well equipped armies in the world is struggling against the resistance of a few tribal warriors. It seems like the army is clueless about any progress made yet.. It is has always been obvious that the tribal people despise this invasion and the usage of force on them. It seems the army has forgotten the history of these people and other important demographic factors of the region before delving in to this important affair. Peaceful dialogue is highly praised in Pukhtoon society and they should be persuaded by the process of sit down talks and negotiations alone..”

War and use of force is not a solution to any problem. History is loaded with examples where use of force has further worsened the problem. “Kashmir issue” is still a big question mark on the face of justice although Kashmiri’s have been persecuted for nearly sixty years by the Indian Army. Russian brutal use of power over Afghanistan and the United States self declared war on Afghanistan, Vietnam and Iraq has further proved that War is not a solution to any problem. Tamil Tigers were finally perished after 30 years of long warfare which resulted in the loss of millions of human lives with enormous collateral damage and displacement of thousands of homeless people. We lost our right wing Bengal because of using might and it may happen to the Tribal belt if the operation is carried on.

Modern warfare includes use of indiscriminate and destructive weapons which results in the inevitable killing of thousands of innocent people. A drone missile may kill two extremists but it also kill eight innocent people turning their relatives to take the revenge. In fact the war that is fought to end terrorism in turn results in spreading it more. Any action that kills innocent people is never justified by a human society. If the number of innocent people dying inevitably is much more than all the deliberately caused deaths by the extremist’s one must reject war as a solution for the terrorism.

The Taliban’s in the Waziristan are not like the Taliban in Afghanistan. They are not fighting for Islam neither for their freedom but most of them are local tribesmen driven by the motive of revenge. Their houses have been bombed by the Pakistan army and drone attacks. They were betrayed after signing a peace agreement under American pressure. One of the main ingredients of Pashtun Wali the Pashtun honor code is ‘Badal’ revenge and these tribesmen are in fact taking revenge. Any military operation carried out will increase their rage and hence resulting in a more serious rebellion and resurgence.

No war fought on the land of Waziristan has come to an end. These tribal’s are one of the most skilled fighters in the world. They have been never occupied by any foreign army. The British Army has the worse experience of fighting with them as more than 10000 soldiers were killed in 1935-1939 expedition. The relative great armies of Sikhs and Moghul’s were brought to grief by these humble tribal’s. Although they do not get any proper training in Guerilla warfare from any military institution yet they are fully equipped with the skills of Modern Guerrilla warfare. Their skills are more modern than Mao’s, and Tamil’s. The operation will cause the loss of thousands of soldiers as well the unyielding Pashtun Tribes that helped Pakistan in every crisis. A British general Andrew Skeen in his guide wrote that the first thing one must consider before launching an operation here is your retreat as sooner or later every operation of these tribal Mehsud’s and Waziris people ends in retreat. (Javed 34)

Besides the loss of lives in Waziristan operation, it has an operating cost of approximately sixty billion rupees. In a time when Pakistan is suffering from extreme financial crisis the ongoing operation will add further to the downfall of Pakistan economy. If the same amount of money is used in social sector in Waziristan the results will be thousand times more fruitful. With almost negligible education facilities the innocent tribal’s can be easily deceived on the notion of Islam. The government must invest in this huge talented human resource so that they can be productive for the nation rather than bombing them which may be a short time success but never a long run.

The Waziristan operation was started on the strategy of hammer and anvil as Pakistani Army will drag Taliban’s to the Afghan Border and then American forces will take the action of ending them. But according to the recent surveys the American army has left their check posts near afghan border leaving the burden on the Pak Army shoulder.(Javed 34) This shows that the main plan was to engage the Pak army in an operation to weaken its power. Pakistani officials responsible for the operation have been fooled by the American administration. So it’s in the best of the Government interest to withdraw it forces as soon as possible.

The effects of Waziristan operation are not limited only to the terrains and whole of the country has come under fire. Suicide Bombing has increase drastically and whole of the country is under anarchy like situation. According to an unofficial source more than 81 suicides attacks has been done in Pakistan only in 2009 resulting in death of about twenty three thousand civilians.(SATP) Common man in Pakistan is frightened because of this ongoing war of a Pakistani with a Pakistani.

Pakistan Army had some very good relations with the Islamic Fundamentalist and Jihadist organization like Lashkar e Taiba, Jaish Muhammad, Mullah Omar Majlis Shura.They were working in the best interests of Pakistan Army. (Yasir 39) The ongoing operation will have a drastic effect on the long term relationships between them and the Army. It will be a huge blow to Pakistan if these groups turned their back on the Army.

Some of the supporters of operation says that the operation will be a success as the earlier operation of Swat. The case here is different from Swat as  the militants of swat were common men moved by the motive of Islam while those in Waziristan are trained fighters who are fighting for centuries. The army will have to face hard core Taliban’s, Al Qaeda members, Uzbek fighters and the elements of Punjabi militant’s organization. The ratio of Army to Taliban’s is also lesser as it was in the case of Swat. The army has to fight about 11000 hard core Taliban’s while the number of infantry man deployed is also 11000 of the 50000, a one to one ration. Moreover the Taliban’s in Waziristan are also more equipped, skillful and knows the art of hit and run very well. The Afghanistan Taliban’s are also crossing the border for their help.

Dialogue is a more effective solution of the problem. are less than three thousand foreign militants. The government should persuade the tribal elders to expel those foreign militants from their territory. The same task can be done with the help of Lashkar, the tribal army  which is more familiar with the area. With a a little support from the government the expelling foreign troops will not be a difficult task. But once the war is imposed on them, the helpful tribal’s may go the wrong way. As Rehman Baba, a famous Pukhtoon poet says that “you cannot force a Pukhtoon to Heaven but you can persuade him to hell.

These Tribal warriors are the son of the soil. They have sound knowledge of each inch of these dry mountains and barren plains. They have accustomed themselves to the simple life and hard weather of this area. From geographical point of view these tribal warriors have gained sufficient edge over the foreign invaders. Perhaps ignorance of the invaders about the complexities of these mountains is one of the prime reasons of their defeat. Their ambush is always unpredictable and destructive and these warriors have developed a defense mechanism by hiding themselves in these mountains after the ambush

The fact that after losing thousands of Pak army soldiers one thing is evident that this nine years of  war on terrorism has brought nothing but further chaos and misunderstandings. Pak army has failed to claim success in tribal areas. Keeping in view all these facts one thing is crystal clear that alternative approach must be adopted to solve this problem. This alternative approach lies in dialogues and understanding the honour code of tribal’s.. Jirga system which is eventually a peaceful dialogue system can be considered as an option. War is never a solution and if continued it will further widen the gap of mistrust between the Army and the Tribal’s.

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